The Early Church’s Belief in Purgatory
"And after the
exhibition, Tryphaena again receives her. For her daughter
Falconilla had died, and said to her in a dream: Mother, thou shaft have
this stranger Thecla in my place, in order that she may pray
concerning me, and that I may be transferred to the place of the
just." Acts of Paul and Thecla (A.D. 160).
"Abercius by
name, I am a disciple of the chaste shepherd...He taught
me…faithful writings...These words, I, Abercius, standing by, ordered to
be inscribed. In truth, I was in the course of my
seventy-second year. Let him who understands and believes this
pray fro Abercius." Inscription of Abercius (A.D. 190).
"Without delay,
on that very night, this was shown to me in a vision. I saw
Dinocrates going out from a gloomy place, where also there were several
others, and he was parched and very thirsty, with a filthy
countenance and pallid colour, and the wound on his face which
he had when he died. This Dinocrates had been my brother after
the flesh, seven years of age? Who died miserably with
disease...But I trusted that my prayer would bring help to his
suffering; and I prayed for him every day until we passed over
into the prison of the camp, for we were to fight in the
camp-show. Then was the birth-day of Gets Caesar, and I made my
prayer for my brother day and night, groaning and weeping that
he might be granted to me. Then, on the day on which we remained in
fetters, this was shown to me. I saw that that place which I had
formerly observed to be in gloom was now bright; and Dinocrates,
with a clean body well clad, was finding refreshment. And where
there had been a wound, I saw a scar; and that pool which I had
before seen, I saw now with its margin lowered even to the
boy's navel. And one drew water from the pool incessantly, and upon its
brink was a goblet filled with water; and Dinocrates drew near
and began to drink from it, and the goblet did not fail. And
when he was satisfied, he went away from the water to play
joyously, after the manner of children, and I awoke. Then I
understood that he was translated from the place of punishment." The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitias, 2:3-4 (A.D. 202).
"Accordingly
the believer, through great discipline, divesting himself of the
passions, passes to the mansion which is better than the former one,
viz., to the greatest torment, taking with him the
characteristic of repentance from the sins he has committed
after baptism. He is tortured then still more--not yet or not
quite attaining what he sees others to have acquired. Besides, he is
also ashamed of his transgressions. The greatest torments,
indeed, are assigned to the believer. For God's righteousness is
good, and His goodness is righteous. And though the punishments
cease in the course of the completion of the expiation and
purification of each one, yet those have very great and permanent
grief who are found worthy of the other fold, on account of not being
along with those that have been glorified through
righteousness." Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, 6:14 (post A.D. 202).
"[T]hat
allegory of the Lord which is extremely clear and simple in its
meaning, and ought to be from the first understood in its plain and
natural sense...Then, again, should you be disposed to apply the
term 'adversary' to the devil, you are advised by the (Lord's)
injunction, while you are in the way with him, 'to make even
with him such a compact as may be deemed compatible with the
requirements of your true faith. Now the compact you have made
respecting him is to renounce him, and his pomp, and his angels. Such is
your agreement in this matter. Now the friendly understanding
you will have to carry out must arise from your observance of
the compact: you must never think of getting back any of the
things which you have abjured, and have restored to him, lest he
should summon you as a fraudulent man, and a transgressor of your
agreement, before God the Judge (for in this light do we read of him,
in another passage, as 'the accuser of the brethren,' or
saints, where reference is made to the actual practice of legal
prosecution); and lest this Judge deliver you over to the angel
who is to execute the sentence, and he commit you to the prison
of hell, out of which there will be no dismissal until the
smallest even of your delinquencies be paid off in the period before the
resurrection. What can be a more fitting sense than this? What a
truer interpretation?" Tertullian, A Treatise on the Soul, 35 (A.D. 210).
"All souls,
therefore; are shut up within Hades: do you admit this? It is true,
whether you say yes or no: moreover, there are already experienced
there punishments and consolations; and there you have a poor
man and a rich...Moreover, the soul executes not all its
operations with the ministration of the flesh; for the judgment
of God pursues even simple cogitations and the merest volitions.
'Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed
adultery with her already in his heart.' Therefore, even for this
cause it is most fitting that the soul, without at all waiting for
the flesh, should be punished for what it has done without the
partnership of the flesh. So, on the same principle, in return
for the pious and kindly thoughts in which it shared not the
help of the flesh, shall it without the flesh receive its
consolation. In short, inasmuch as we understand 'the prison' pointed
out in the Gospel to be Hades, and as we also interpret 'the
uttermost farthing' to mean the very smallest offence which has
to be recompensed there before the resurrection, no one will
hesitate to believe that the soul undergoes in Hades some
compensatory discipline, without prejudice to the full process of the
resurrection, when the recompense will be administered through the
flesh besides." Tertullian, A Treatise on the Soul, 58 (A.D. 210).
"As often as the anniversary comes round, we make offerings for the dead as birthday honours." Tertullian, The Chaplut, 3 (A.D. 211).
"[A] woman is
more bound when her husband is dead...Indeed, she prays for his
soul, and requests refreshment for him meanwhile, and fellowship (with
him) in the first resurrection; and she offers (her sacrifice)
on the anniversary of his falling asleep." Tertullian, On Monogamy, 10 (A.D. 216).
"For if on the
foundation of Christ you have built not only gold and silver and
precious stones (1 Cor.,3); but also wood and hay and stubble, what do
you expect when the soul shall be separated from the body? Would
you enter into heaven with your wood and hay and stubble and
thus defile the kingdom of God; or on account of these
hindrances would you remain without and receive no reward for
your gold and silver and precious stones; neither is this just. It
remains then that you be committed to the fire which will burn the
light materials; for our God to those who can comprehend
heavenly things is called a cleansing fire. But this fire
consumes not the creature, but what the creature has himself
built, wood, and hay and stubble. It is manifest that the fire
destroys the wood of our transgressions and then returns to us the
reward of our great works." Origen, Homilies on Jeremias, PG 13:445, 448 ( A.D. 244).
"For to
adulterers even a time of repentance is granted by us, and peace is
given. Yet virginity is not therefore deficient in the Church, nor
does the glorious design of continence languish through the sins
of others. The Church, crowned with so many virgins,
flourishes; and chastity and modesty preserve the tenor of their
glory. Nor is the vigour of continence broken down because
repentance and pardon are facilitated to the adulterer. It is one thing
to stand for pardon, another thing to attain to glory: it is one
thing, when cast into prison, not to go out thence until one
has paid the uttermost farthing; another thing at once to
receive the wages of faith and courage. It is one thing,
tortured by long suffering for sins, to be cleansed and long purged by
fire; another to have purged all sins by suffering. It is one
thing, in fine, to be in suspense till the sentence of God at
the day of judgment; another to be at once crowned by the Lord."
Cyprian, To Antonianus, Epistle 51 (55):20 (A.D. 253).
"Let us pray
for our brethren that are at rest in Christ, that God, the lover
of mankind, who has received his soul, may forgive him every sin,
voluntary and involuntary, and may be merciful and gracious to
him, and give him his lot in the land of the pious that are sent
into the bosom of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, with all those
that have pleased Him and done His will from the beginning of
the world, whence all sorrow, grief, and lamentation are
banished." Apostolic Constitutions, 8:4,41 (3rd Century).
"The same
divine fire, therefore, with one and the same force and power, will
both burn the wicked and will form them again, and will replace as
much as it shall consume of their bodies, and will supply itself
with eternal nourishment: which the poets transferred to the
vulture of Tityus. Thus, without any wasting of bodies, which
regain their substance, it will only burn and affect them with a
sense of pain. But when He shall have judged the righteous, He will
also try them with fire. Then they whose sins shall exceed
either in weight or in number, shall be scorched by the fire and
burnt: but they whom full justice and maturity of virtue has
imbued will not perceive that fire; for they have something of
God in themselves which repels and rejects the violence of the
flame." Lactantius, The Divine Institutes, 7:21 (A.D. 307).
"Then we
commemorate also those who have fallen asleep before us, first
Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, Martyrs, that at their prayers and
intercessions God would receive our petition. Then on behalf also of
the Holy Fathers and Bishops who have fallen asleep before us,
and in a word of all who in past years have fallen asleep among
us, believing that it will be a very great benefit to the souls,
for whom the supplication is put up, while that holy and most
awful sacrifice is set forth. And I wish to persuade you by an
illustration. For I know that many say, what is a soul profited, which
departs from this world either with sins, or without sins, if it
be commemorated in the prayer? For if a king were to banish
certain who had given him of-fence, and then those who belong to
them should weave a crown and offer it to him on behalf of
those under punishment, would he not grant a remission of their
penalties? In the same way we, when we offer to Him our supplications
for those who have fallen asleep, though they be sinners, weave
no crown, but offer up Christ sacrificed for our sins,
propitiating our merciful God for them as well as for
ourselves.” Cyril of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lectures, 23:9,10 (c. A.D. 350).
"I think that
the noble athletes of God, who have wrestled all their lives with
the invisible enemies, after they have escaped all of their
persecutions and have come to the end of life, are examined by
the prince of this world; and if they are found to have any
wounds from their wrestling, any stains or effects of sin, they
are detained. If, however they are found unwounded and without
stain, they are, as unconquered, brought by Christ into their rest." Basil, Homilies on the Psalms, 7:2 (ante A.D. 370).
"Lay me not
with sweet spices: for this honour avails me not; Nor yet incense
and perfumes: for the honour benefits me not. Burn sweet spices in the
Holy Place: and me, even me, conduct to the grave with prayer.
Give ye incense to God: and over me send up hymns. Instead of
perfumes of spices: in prayer make remembrance of me." Ephraem, His Testament (ante A.D. 373).
"Useful too is
the prayer fashioned on their [the dead’s] behalf...it is
useful, because in this world we often stumble either voluntarily or
involuntarily." Epiphanius, Panarion, 75:8 (A.D. 375).
"When he has
quitted his body and the difference between virtue and vice is
known he cannot approach God till the purging fire shall have cleansed
the stains with which his soul was infested. That same fire in
others will cancel the corruption of matter, and the propensity
to evil." Gregory of Nyssa, Sermon on the Dead, PG 13:445,448 (ante A.D. 394).
"Give, Oh Lord,
rest to Thy servant Theodosius, that rest Thou hast prepared
for Thy saints....I love him, therefore will I follow him to the land of
the living; I will not leave him till by my prayers and
lamentations he shall be admitted unto the holy mount of the
Lord,to which his deserts call him." Ambrose, De obitu Theodosii, PL 16:1397 (A.D. 395).
"Other husbands
scatter on the graves of their wives violets, roses, lilies,
and purple flowers; and assuage the grief of their hearts by fulfilling
this tender duty. Our dear Pammachius also waters the holy ashes
and the revered bones of Paulina, but it is with the balm of
almsgiving." Jerome, To Pammachius, Epistle 66:5 (A.D. 397).
"Weep for the
unbelievers; weep for those who differ in nowise from them, those
who depart hence without the illumination, without the seal! They
indeed deserve our wailing, they deserve our groans; they are
outside the Palace, with the culprits, with the condemned: for,
"Verily I say unto you, Except a man be born of water and the
Spirit, he shall not enter into the kingdom of Heaven." Mourn
for those who have died in wealth, and did not from their wealth think
of any solace for their soul, who had power to wash away their
sins and would not. Let us all weep for these in private and in
public, but with propriety, with gravity, not so as to make
exhibitions of ourselves; let us weep for these, not one day, or
two, but all our life. Such tears spring not from senseless
passion, but from true affection. The other sort are of senseless
passion. For this cause they are quickly quenched, whereas if
they spring from the fear of God, they always abide with us. Let
us weep for these; let us assist them according to our power;
let us think of some assistance for them, small though it be,
yet still let us assist them. How and in what way? By praying and
entreating others to make prayers for them, by continually giving to
the poor on their behalf." John Chrysostom, Homilies on Phillipians, 3 (ante A.D. 404).
"If the
baptized person fulfills the obligations demanded of a Christian, he
does well. If he does not--provided he keeps the faith, without
which he would perish forever--no matter in what sin or impurity
remains, he will be saved, as it were, by fire; as one who has
built on the foundation, which is Christ, not gold, silver, and
precious stones, but wood, hay straw, that is, not just and
chasted works but wicked and unchaste works." Augustine, Faith and Works, 1:1 (A.D. 413).
"Now on what
ground does this person pray that he may not be 'rebuked in
indignation, nor chastened in hot displeasure"? He speaks as if he would
say unto God, 'Since the things which I already suffer are many
in number, I pray Thee let them suffice;' and he begins to
enumerate them, by way of satisfying God; offering what he
suffers now, that he may not have to suffer worse evils
hereafter." Augustine, Exposition of the Psalms, 38(37):3 (A.D. 418).
"And it is not
impossible that something of the same kind may take place even
after this life. It is a matter that may be inquired into, and either
ascertained or left doubtful, whether some believers shall pass
through a kind of purgatorial fire, and in proportion as they
have loved with more or less devotion the goods that perish, be
less or more quickly delivered from it. This cannot, however, be
the case of any of those of whom it is said, that they 'shall
not inherit the kingdom of God,' unless after suitable repentance their
sins be forgiven them. When I say 'suitable,' I mean that they
are not to be unfruitful in almsgiving; for Holy Scripture lays
so much stress on this virtue, that our Lord tells us
beforehand, that He will ascribe no merit to those on His right
hand but that they abound in it, and no defect to those on His
left hand but their want of it, when He shall say to the former, "Come,
ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom," and to the
latter, 'Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire.'" Augustine, Enchiridion, 69 (A.D. 421).
"During the
time, moreover, which intervenes between a man's death and the final
resurrection, the soul dwells in a hidden retreat, where it enjoys
rest or suffers affliction just in proportion to the merit it
has earned by the life which it led on earth." Augustine, Enchiridion, 1099 (A.D. 421).
"For our part,
we recognize that even in this life some punishments are
purgatorial,--not, indeed, to those whose life is none the better, but
rather the worse for them, but to those who are constrained by
them to amend their life. All other punishments, whether
temporal or eternal, inflicted as they are on every one by
divine providence, are sent either on account of past sins, or
of sins presently allowed in the life, or to exercise and reveal a man's
graces. They may be inflicted by the instrumentality of bad men
and angels as well as of the good. For even if any one suffers
some hurt through another's wickedness or mistake, the man
indeed sins whose ignorance or injustice does the harm; but God,
who by His just though hidden judgment permits it to be done,
sins not. But temporary punishments are suffered by some in this life
only, by others after death, by others both now and then; but all
of them before that last and strictest judgment. But of those
who suffer temporary punishments after death, all are not doomed
to those everlasting pains which are to follow that judgment;
for to some, as we have already said, what is not remitted in
this world is remitted in the next, that is, they are not punished
with the eternal punishment of the world to come." Augustine, City of God, 21:13 (A.D. 426).
"But since she
has this certainty regarding no man, she prays for all her
enemies who yet live in this world; and yet she is not heard in behalf
of all. But she is heard in the case of those only who, though
they oppose the Church, are yet predestinated to become her sons
through her intercession...For some of the dead, indeed, the
prayer of the Church or of pious individuals is heard; but it is
for those who, having been regenerated in Christ, did not spend their
life so wickedly that they can be judged unworthy of such
compassion, nor so well that they can be considered to have no
need of it. As also, after the resurrection, there will be some
of the dead to whom, after they have endured the pains proper to
the spirits of the dead, mercy shall be accorded, and acquittal
from the punishment of the eternal fire. For were there not some
whose sins, though not remitted in this life, shall be remitted in
that which is to come, it could not be truly said, "They shall
not be forgiven, neither in this world, neither in that which is
to come.' But when the Judge of quick and dead has said, 'Come,
ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you
from the foundation of the world,' and to those on the other side,
'Depart from me, ye cursed, into the eternal fire, which is
prepared for the devil and his angels,' and 'These shall go away
into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life,'
it were excessively presumptuous to say that the punishment of
any of those whom God has said shall go away into eternal
punishment shall not be eternal, and so bring either despair or doubt
upon the corresponding promise of life eternal." Augustine, City of God,2 1:24 (A.D. 426).
"If we neither
give thanks to God in tribulations nor redeem our own sins by
good works, we shall have to remain in that purgatorian fire as long as
it takes for those above-mentioned lesser sins to be consumed
like wood and straw and hay." Ceasar of Arles, Sermon 179 (104):2 (A.D. 542).
"Each one will
be presented to the Judge exactly as he was when he departed
this life. Yet, there must be a cleansing fire before judgment, because
of some minor faults that may remain to be purged away. Does not
Christ, the Truth, say that if anyone blasphemes against the
Holy Spirit he shall not be forgiven 'either in this world or in
the world to come'(Mt. 12:32)? From this statement we learn
that some sins can be forgiven in this world and some in the world to
come. For, if forgiveness is refused for a particular sin, we
conclude logically that it is granted for others. This must
apply, as I said, to slight transgressions." Gregory the Great [regn. A.D. 590-604], Dialogues, 4:39 (A.D. 594).